Marusiak, J. (28 June 2011). "New deal for orangutans in Kalimantan". Eco-Business . Retrieved 3 April 2012. Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates. They use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. The apes' learning abilities have been studied extensively. There may be distinctive cultures within populations. Orangutans have been featured in literature and art since at least the 18th century, particularly in works that comment on human society. Field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist Birutė Galdikas and they have been kept in captive facilities around the world since at least the early 19th century. van Schaik, C. P.; Fox, E. A.; Sitompul, A. F. (1996). "Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans – implications or human evolution". Naturwissenschaften. 83 (4): 186–88. Bibcode: 1996NW.....83..186V. doi: 10.1007/BF01143062. PMID 8643126. S2CID 27180148.

a b c Utami, S. S.; Goossens, B.; Bruford, M. W.; de Ruiter, J. R.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (2002). "Male bimaturism and reproductive success in Sumatran orangutans". Behavioral Ecology. 13 (5): 643–52. doi: 10.1093/beheco/13.5.643.Mitani, J. C.; Grether, G. F.; Rodman, P. S.; Priatna, D. (1991). "Associations among wild orang-utans: sociality, passive aggregations or chance". Animal Behaviour. 42 (1): 33–46. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80603-7. S2CID 40824300. When a little girl discovers a mischievous orangutan in her bedroom, she can’t understand why it keeps shouting at her shampoo and her chocolate. But when Rang-tan explains that there are humans running wild in her rainforest, burning down trees so they can grow palm oil to put in products, the little girl knows what she has to do: help save the orangutans! Was Rang-tan banned?

Other major conservation centres in Indonesia include those at Tanjung Puting National Park, Sebangau National Park, Gunung Palung National Park and Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park in Borneo and the Gunung Leuser National Park and Bukit Lawang in Sumatra. In Malaysia, conservation areas include Semenggoh Wildlife Centre and Matang Wildlife Centre also in Sarawak, and the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary in Sabah. [136] Major conservation centres headquartered outside the orangutans' home countries include Frankfurt Zoological Society, [137] Orangutan Foundation International, which was founded by Galdikas, [138] and the Australian Orangutan Project. [139] Conservation organisations such as the Orangutan Land Trust work with the palm oil industry to improve sustainability and encourages the industry to establish conservation areas for orangutans. [140] [141] See also Female orangutans give birth about once every eight years. Infants stay with their mother for six to seven years , until they’ve learnt the necessary skills to survive on their own. During this time, a very special bond is formed between the mother and child. Goossens, B; Mohd, D; Kapar; Kahar, S (2011). "First Sighting of Bornean Orangutan Twins in the Wild". Asian Primates Journal. 2 (1): 10–12. Lameira, A. R.; Shumaker, R. W. (2019). "Orangutans show active voicing through a membranophone". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 12289. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...912289L. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48760-7. PMC 6707206. PMID 31444387.

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Wrangham, Richard W; Peterson, Dale (1996). Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Houghton Mifflin. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-395-69001-7. Europeans became aware of the existence of the orangutan in the 17th century. [18] :60 Explorers in Borneo hunted them extensively during the 19th century. In 1779, Dutch anatomist Petrus Camper, who observed the animals and dissected some specimens, gave the first scientific description of the orangutan. [18] :64–65 Camper mistakenly thought that flanged and unflanged male orangutans were different species, a misconception corrected after his death. [102]